Figure 1 shows the standardized drops in math test scores between students testing in fall 2019 and fall 2021 (separately by elementary and middle school grades) relative to the average effect size of various educational interventions. The average effect size for math tutoring matches or exceeds the average COVID-19 score drop in math. Research on tutoring indicates that it often works best in younger grades, and when provided by a teacher rather than, say, a parent. Further, some of the tutoring programs that produce the biggest effects can be quite intensive (and likely expensive), including having full-time tutors supporting all students (not just those needing remediation) in one-on-one settings during the school day. Meanwhile, the average effect of reducing class size is negative but not significant, with high variability in the impact across different studies. Summer programs in math have been found to be effective (average effect size of .10 SDs), though these programs in isolation likely would not eliminate the COVID-19 test-score drops.
The official State Security narrative, which Saliba repeated to Human Rights Watch in an interview on June 16, 2021, was that Major (then Captain) Joseph Naddaf started investigating the ammonium nitrate in hangar 12 after he was on a patrol and noticed a broken door and hole in the wall of the hangar sometime between December 2019 and January 2020.[267] However, State Security documents seen by Human Rights Watch indicate that they began investigating the material first, and examined the outside of hangar 12 as part of that investigation.[268] A high-level judicial source and a security source confirmed to Human Rights Watch that Naddaf first received the information about the ammonium nitrate from a confidential source.[269] Another source told Human Rights Watch that it was Nehme Brax, the head of the Manifest Department at the port, who informed Naddaf about the ammonium nitrate in hangar 12 in September 2019 after no action was taken to resolve the issue despite his repeated warnings since 2014.[270]
Aug. 8, 2019 – Readings In Recovery: A Day At A Time
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